What is Naturalization?
Updated January 24, 2026
The process by which a lawful permanent resident becomes a U.S. citizen by meeting eligibility requirements including continuous residence, physical presence, and passing civics and English tests.
Understanding Naturalization
Most applicants must have been permanent residents for 5 years (3 years if married to a U.S. citizen). Requirements include good moral character, knowledge of U.S. history and government, and English language proficiency. The process ends with an oath ceremony.
Examples
- 1Applying for citizenship after 5 years as permanent resident
- 2Studying for civics test on U.S. government
- 3Taking oath of allegiance at naturalization ceremony
Related Terms
Green Card
A document showing that a foreign national has been granted lawful permanent resident status in the United States, allowing them to live and work permanently.
Visa
An official document or stamp placed in a passport that allows a foreign national to apply for entry to the United States for a specific purpose and duration.
Deportation/Removal
The formal process of removing a foreign national from the United States for violating immigration law, such as overstaying a visa or committing certain crimes.
Asylum
Protection granted to foreign nationals in the U.S. who meet the definition of a refugee by demonstrating persecution or fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group.
DACA
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals is a program providing temporary protection from deportation and work authorization to individuals who came to the U.S. as children without legal status.
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